WHO

WHO Acupuncture and The NIH Consensus Study
In 2003, the World Health Organization published a landmark study, titled "Acupuncture: Review and Analysis of Reports on Controlled Clinical Trials". A summary of their findings is quoted below. Diseases and disorders that can be treated with acupuncture

The diseases or disorders for which acupuncture therapy has been tested in controlled clinical trials reported in the recent literature can be classified into four categories as shown below.

1. Diseases, symptoms or conditions for which acupuncture has been proved-through controlled trials-to be an effective treatment:

Adverse reactions to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy
Allergic rhinitis (including hay fever)
Biliary colic
Depression (including depressive neurosis and depression following stroke)
Dysentery, acute bacillary
Dysmenorrhoea, primary
Epigastralgia, acute (in peptic ulcer, acute and chronic gastritis, and gastrospasm)
Facial pain (including craniomandibular disorders)
Headache
Hypertension, essential
Hypotension, primary
Induction of labour
Knee pain
Leukopenia
Low back pain
Malposition of fetus, correction of
Morning sickness
Nausea and vomiting
Neck pain
Pain in dentistry (including dental pain and temporomandibular dysfunction)
Periarthritis of shoulder
Postoperative pain
Renal colic
Rheumatoid arthritis
Sciatica
Sprain
Stroke
Tennis elbow


2. Diseases, symptoms or conditions for which the therapeutic effect of acupuncture has been shown but for which further proof is needed:

Abdominal pain (in acute gastroenteritis or due to gastrointestinal spasm)
Acne vulgaris
Alcohol dependence and detoxification
Bell’s palsy
Bronchial asthma
Cancer pain
Cardiac neurosis
Cholecystitis, chronic, with acute exacerbation
Cholelithiasis
Competition stress syndrome
Craniocerebral injury, closed
Diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent
Earache
Epidemic haemorrhagic fever
Epistaxis, simple (without generalized or local disease)
Eye pain due to subconjunctival injection
Female infertility
Facial spasm
Female urethral syndrome
Fibromyalgia and fasciitis
Gastrokinetic disturbance
Gouty arthritis
Hepatitis B virus carrier status
Herpes zoster (human (alpha) herpesvirus 3)
Hyperlipaemia
Hypo-ovarianism
Insomnia
Labour pain
Lactation, deficiency
Male sexual dysfunction, non-organic
Ménière disease
Neuralgia, post-herpetic
Neurodermatitis
Obesity
Opium, cocaine and heroin dependence
Osteoarthritis
Pain due to endoscopic examination
Pain in thromboangiitis obliterans
Polycystic ovary syndrome (Stein-Leventhal syndrome)
Postextubation in children
Postoperative convalescence
Premenstrual syndrome
Prostatitis, chronic
Pruritus
Radicular and pseudoradicular pain syndrome
Raynaud syndrome, primary
Recurrent lower urinary-tract infection
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
Retention of urine, traumatic
Schizophrenia
Sialism, drug-induced
Sjögren syndrome
Sore throat (including tonsillitis)
Spine pain, acute
Stiff neck
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Tietze syndrome
Tobacco dependence
Tourette syndrome
Ulcerative colitis, chronic
Urolithiasis
Vascular dementia
Whooping cough (pertussis)


3. Diseases, symptoms or conditions for which there are only individual controlled trials reporting some therapeutic effects, but for which acupuncture is worth trying because treatment by conventional and other therapies is difficult:

Chloasma
Choroidopathy, central serous
Colour blindness
Deafness
Hypophrenia
Irritable colon syndrome
Neuropathic bladder in spinal cord injury
Pulmonary heart disease, chronic
Small airway obstruction

Consensus Development Panel

David J. Ramsay, D.M., D. Phil.
Panel and Conference Chairperson
President
University of Maryland, Baltimore
Baltimore, Maryland

Marjorie A. Bowman, M.D., M.P.A.
Professor and Chair
Department of Family Practice and Community Medicine
University of Pennsylvania Health System
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Philip E. Greenman, D.O., F.A.A.O.
Associate Dean
College of Osteopathic Medicine
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan

Stephen P. Jiang, A.C.S.W.
Executive Director
Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations
Oakland, California

Lawrence H. Kushi, Sc.D.
Associate Professor
Division of Epidemiology
University of Minnesota School of Public Health
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Susan Leeman, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Pharmacology
Boston University School of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts

Keh-Ming Lin, M.D., M.P.H.
Professor of Psychiatry, UCLA
Director, Research Center on the Psychobiology of Ethnicity
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
Torrance, California

Daniel E. Moerman, Ph.D.
William E. Stirton Professor of Anthropology
University of Michigan, Dearborn
Ypsilanti, Michigan

Sidney H. Schnoll, M.D., Ph.D.
Chairman
Division of Substance Abuse Medicine
Professor of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry
Medical College of Virginia
Richmond, Virginia

Marcellus Walker, M.D.
Honesdale, Pennsylvania
Christine Waternaux, Ph.D.
Associate Professor and Chief
Biostatistics Division
Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute
New York, New York

Leonard A. Wisneski, M.D., F.A.C.P.
Medical Director, Bethesda Center
American WholeHealth
Bethesda, Maryland
Speakers

Abass Alavi, M.D.
"The Role of Physiologic Imaging in the Investigation of the Effects of Pain and Acupuncture on Regional Cerebral Function"
Professor of Radiology
Chief, Division of Nuclear Medicine
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Brian M. Berman, M.D.
"Overview of Clinical Trials on Acupuncture for Pain"
Associate Professor of Family Medicine
Director
Center for Complementary Medicine
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland

Stephen Birch, Lic.Ac., Ph.D.
"Overview of the Efficacy of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Headache and Face and Neck Pain"
Anglo-Dutch Institute for Oriental Medicine
The Netherlands
Hannah V. Bradford, M.Ac.
"Late-Breaking Data and Other News From the Clinical Research Symposium (CRS) on Acupuncture at NIH"
Acupuncturist
Society for Acupuncture Research
Bethesda, Maryland

Xiaoding Cao, M.D., Ph.D.
"Protective Effect of Acupuncture on Immunosuppression"
Professor and Director
Institute of Acupuncture Research
Shanghai Medical University
Shanghai, China

Daniel C. Cherkin, Ph.D.
"Efficacy of Acupuncture in Treating Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
Senior Scientific Investigator
Group Health Center for Health Studies
Seattle, Washington

Patricia Culliton, M.A., L.Ac.
"Current Utilization of Acupuncture by United States Patients"
Director
Alternative Medicine Division
Hennepin County Medical Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota

David L. Diehl, M.D.
"Gastrointestinal Indications"
Assistant Professor of Medicine
UCLA Digestive Disease Center
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California

Kevin V. Ergil, L.Ac.
"Acupuncture Licensure, Training, and Certification in the United States"
Dean
Pacific Institute of Oriental Medicine
New York, New York

Richard Hammerschlag, Ph.D.
"Methodological and Ethical Issues in Acupuncture Research"
Academic Dean and Research Director
Yo San University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Santa Monica, California

Ji-Sheng Han, M.D.
"Acupuncture Activates Endogenous Systems of Analgesia"
Professor
Neuroscience Research Center
Beijing Medical University
Beijing, China

Joseph M. Helms, M.D.
"Acupuncture Around the World in Modern Medical Practice
Founding President
American Academy of Medical Acupuncture
Berkeley, California

Kim A. Jobst, D.M., M.R.C.P.
"Respiratory Indications"
University Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
Gardiner Institute
Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom

Gary Kaplan, D.O.
"Efficacy of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Pain"
President
Medical Acupuncture Research Foundation
Arlington, Virginia

Ted J. Kaptchuk, O.M.D.
"Acupuncture: History, Context, and Long-Term Perspectives"
Associate Director
Center for Alternative Medicine Research
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts

Janet Konefal, Ph.D., Ed.D., M.P.H., C.A.
"Acupuncture and Addictions"
Associate Professor
Acupuncture Research and Training Programs
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
University of Miami School of Medicine
Miami, Florida

Lixing Lao, Ph.D., L.Ac.
"Dental and Postoperative Pain"
Assistant Professor of Family Medicine
Department of Family and Complementary Medicine
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland

C. David Lytle, Ph.D.
"Safety and Regulation of Acupuncture Needles and Other Devices"
Research Biophysicist
Center for Devices and Radiological Health
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Rockville, Maryland

Margaret A. Naeser, Ph.D., Lic.Ac., Dipl. Ac.
"Neurological Rehabilitation: Acupuncture and Laser Acupuncture To Treat Paralysis in Stroke and Other Paralytic Conditions and Pain in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome"
Research Professor of Neurology
Neuroimaging Section
Boston University Aphasia Research Center
Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts

Lorenz K.Y. Ng, M.D.
"What Is Acupuncture?"
Clinical Professor of Neurology
George Washington University School of Medicine
Medical Director
Pain Management Program
National Rehabilitation Hospital
Bethesda, Maryland

Andrew Parfitt, Ph.D.
"Nausea and Vomiting"
Researcher
Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Bruce Pomeranz, M.D., Ph.D.
"Summary of Acupuncture and Pain"
Professor
Departments of Zoology and Physiology
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Judith C. Shlay, M.D.
"Neuropathic Pain"
Assistant Professor in Family Medicine
Denver Public Health
Denver, Colorado

Alan I. Trachtenberg, M.D., M.P.H.
"American Acupuncture: Primary Care, Public Health, and Policy"
Medical Officer
Office of Science Policy and Communication
National Institute on Drug Abuse
National Institutes of Health
Rockville, Maryland

Jin Yu, M.D.
"Induction of Ovulation With Acupuncture"
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Obstetrical and Gynecological Hospital
Shanghai Medical University
Shanghai, China
Planning Committee

Alan I. Trachtenberg, M.D., M.P.H.
Planning Committee Chairperson
Medical Officer
Office of Science Policy and Communication
National Institute on Drug Abuse
National Institutes of Health
Rockville, Maryland

Brian M. Berman, M.D.
Associate Professor of Family Medicine
Director
Center for Complementary Medicine
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland

Hannah V. Bradford, M.Ac.
Acupuncturist
Society for Acupuncture Research
Bethesda, Maryland
Elsa Bray
Program Analyst
Office of Medical Applications of Research
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Patricia Bryant, Ph.D.
Director
Behavior, Pain, Oral Function, and Epidemiology Program
Division of Extramural Research
National Institute of Dental Research
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Claire M. Cassidy, Ph.D.
Director
Paradigms Found Consulting
Bethesda, Maryland
Jerry Cott, Ph.D.
Head
Pharmacology Treatment Program
National Institute of Mental Health
National Institutes of Health
Rockville, Maryland

George W. Counts, M.D.
Director
Office of Research on Minority and Women's Health
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Patricia D. Culliton, M.A., L.Ac.
Director
Alternative Medicine Division
Hennepin County Medical Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Jerry M. Elliott
Program Management and Analysis Officer
Office of Medical Applications of Research
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

John H. Ferguson, M.D.
Director
Office of Medical Applications of Research
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Anita Greene, M.A.
Public Affairs Program Officer
Office of Alternative Medicine
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Debra S. Grossman, M.A.
Program Officer
Treatment Research Branch
Division of Clinical and Services Research
National Institute on Drug Abuse
National Institutes of Health
Rockville, Maryland

William H. Hall
Director of Communications
Office of Medical Applications of Research
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Richard Hammerschlag, Ph.D.
Academic Dean and Research Director
Yo San University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Santa Monica, California

Freddie Ann Hoffman, M.D.
Deputy Director, Medicine Staff
Office of Health Affairs
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Rockville, Maryland

Wayne B. Jonas, M.D.
Director
Office of Alternative Medicine
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Gary Kaplan, D.O.
President
Medical Acupuncture Research Foundation
Arlington, Virginia

Carol Kari, R.N., L.Ac., M.Ac.
President
Maryland Acupuncture Society
Member, National Alliance
Kensington, Maryland

Charlotte R. Kerr, R.N., M.P.H., M.Ac.
Practitioner of Traditional Acupuncture
The Center for Traditional Acupuncture
Columbia, Maryland

Thomas J. Kiresuk, Ph.D.
Director
Center for Addiction and Alternative Medicine Research
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Cheryl Kitt, Ph.D.
Program Officer
Division of Convulsive, Infectious, and Immune Disorders
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Janet Konefal, Ph.D., M.P.H., L.Ac.
Associate Professor
Acupuncture Research and Training Programs
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
University of Miami School of Medicine
Miami, Florida

Sung J. Liao, M.D., D.P.H.
Clinical Professor of Surgical Sciences
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
New York University College of Dentistry
Consultant
Rust Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine
New York University College of Medicine
Middlebury, Connecticut

Michael C. Lin, Ph.D.
Health Scientist Administrator
Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

C. David Lytle, Ph.D.
Research Biophysicist
Center for Devices and Radiological Health
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Rockville, Maryland

James D. Moran, Lic.Ac., D.Ac., C.A.A.P., C.A.S.
President Emeritus and Doctor of Acupuncture
American Association of Oriental Medicine
The Belchertown Wellness Center
Belchertown, Massachusetts

Richard L. Nahin, Ph.D.
Program Officer, Extramural Affairs
Office of Alternative Medicine
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Lorenz K.Y. Ng, M.D., R.Ac.
Clinical Professor of Neurology
George Washington University School of Medicine
Medical Director
Pain Management Program
National Rehabilitation Hospital
Bethesda, Maryland

James Panagis, M.D.
Director, Orthopaedics Program
Musculoskeletal Branch
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

David J. Ramsay, D.M., D.Phil.
Panel and Conference Chairperson
President
University of Maryland, Baltimore
Baltimore, Maryland

Charles R. Sherman, Ph.D.
Deputy Director
Office of Medical Applications of Research
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Virginia Taggart, M.P.H.
Health Scientist Administrator
Division of Lung Diseases
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Xiao-Ming Tian, M.D., R.Ac.
Clinical Consultant on Acupuncture for the National Institutes of Health
Director
Academy of Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine
Bethesda, Maryland

Claudette Varricchio, D.S.N.
Program Director
Division of Cancer Prevention and Control
National Cancer Institute
National Institutes of Health
Rockville, Maryland
Lead Organizations
Office of Alternative Medicine

Wayne B. Jonas, M.D.
Director
Office of Medical Applications of Research
John H. Ferguson, M.D.
Director
Supporting Organizations
National Cancer Institute

Richard D. Klausner, M.D.
Director
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Claude Lenfant, M.D.
Director
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.
Director
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

Stephen I. Katz, M.D., Ph.D.
Director
National Institute of Dental Research

Harold C. Slavkin, D.D.S.
Director
National Institute on Drug Abuse

Alan I. Leshner, Ph.D.
Director
Office of Research on Women's Health

Vivian W. Pinn, M.D.
Director
Bibliography

Addictions

Bullock MD, Umen AJ, Culliton PD, Olander RT.
Acupuncture treatment of alcoholic recidivism: a pilot study. Clin Exp Res 1987 ; 11:292-5.

Bullock ML, Culliton PD, Olander RT.
Controlled trial of acupuncture for severe recidivist alcoholism. Lancet 1989 ; 1:1435-9.

Clavel-Chapelon F, Paoletti C, Banhamou S.
Smoking cessation rates 4 years after treatment by nicotine gum and acupuncture. Prev Med 1997 Jan-
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He D, Berg JE, Hostmark AT.
Effects of acupuncture on smoking cessation or reduction for motivated smokers. Prev Med 1997 ; 26(2): 208-
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Konefal J, Duncan R, Clemence C.
Comparison of three levels of auricular acupuncture in an outpatient substance abuse treatment program. Altern Med J 1995 ; 2(5):8-17.

Margolin A, Avants SK, Chang P, Kosten TR.
Acupuncture for the treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients. Am J Addict 1993 ; 2:194-201.

White AR, Rampes H.
Acupuncture in smoking cessation. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [database on CDROM]. Oxford: Update Software; 1997 [updated 1996 Nov 24]. [9p.]. (The Cochrane Library; 1997 no. 2).

Gastroenterology

Cahn AM, Carayon P, Hill C, Flamant R.
Acupuncture in gastroscopy. Lancet 1978 ; 1(8057):182-3.


Effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on esophageal function in normal subjects--evidence for a somatovisceral reflex. Amer J Chinese Med 1996 ; 24(2):185-92.


Inhibition of acid secretion by electrical acupuncture is mediated via J-endorphin and somatostatin. Am J Physiol 1996 ; 271(34):G524-G530.


The effect of acupuncture on gastrointestinal function and disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 1992 ; 87(10):1372-81.

General Pain

Chen XH, Han JS.
All three types of opioid receptors in the spinal cord are important for 2/15 Hz electroacupuncture analgesia. Eur J Pharmacol 1992 ; 211:203-10.

Patel M, Gutzwiller F, et al.
A meta-analysis of acupuncture for chronic pain. Int J Epidemiol 1989 ; 18:900-6.

Portnoy RK.
Drug therapy for neuropathic pain. Drug Ther 1993 ; 23:41-5.

Shlay JC et al.
The efficacy of a standardized acupuncture regimen compared to placebo as a treatment of pain caused by peripheral neuropathy in HIV-infected patients. CPCRA protocol 022. 1994.

Tang NM, Dong HW, Wang XM, Tsui ZC, Han JS.
Cholecystokinin antisense RNA increases the analgesic effect induced by EA or low dose morphine: conversion of low responder rats into high responders. Pain 1997 ; 71:71-80.

Ter Riet G, Kleijnen J, Knipschild P.
Acupuncture and chronic pain: a criteria based meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 1990 ; 43:1191-9.

Zhu CB, Li XY, Zhu YH, Xu SF.
Binding sites of mu receptor increased when acupuncture analgesia was enhanced by droperidol: an autoradiographic study. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 1995 ; 16(4):289-384.

History and Reviews

Helms JM.
Acupuncture energetics: a clinical approach for physicians. Berkeley (CA): Medical Acupuncture Publishers; 1996.

Hoizey D, Hoizey MJ.
A history of Chinese medicine. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1988.

Kaptchuk TJ.
The web that has no weaver: understanding Chinese medicine. New York: Congdon & Weed; 1983.

Lao L.
Acupuncture techniques and devices. J Altern Compl Med 1996a; 2(1):23-5.

Liao SJ, Lee MHM, Ng NKY.
Principles and practice of contemporary acupuncture. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1994.

Lu GD, Needham J.
Celestial lancets. A history and rationale of acupuncture and moxa. Cambridge University Press; 1980.

Lytle CD.
An overview of acupuncture. Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, PHS, DHHS; May 1993.

Mitchell BB.
Acupuncture and oriental medicine laws. Washington: National Acupuncture Foundation; 1997.

Porkert M.
The theoretical foundations of Chinese medicine. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press; 1974.

Stux G, Pomerantz B.
Basics of Acupuncture. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1995. p. 1-250.

Unschuld PU.
Medicine in China: a history of ideas. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1985.

Immunology

Cheng XD, Wu GC, Jiang JW, Du LN, Cao XD.
Dynamic observation on regulation of spleen lymphocyte proliferation from the traumatized rats in vitro of continued electroacupuncture. Chinese Journal of Immunology 1997 ; 13:68-70.

Du LN, Jiang JW, Wu GC, Cao XD.
Effect of orphanin FQ on the immune function of traumatic rats. Chinese Journal of Immunology. In press.

Zhang Y, Du LN, Wu GC, Cao XD.
Electroacupuncture (EA) induced attenuation of immunosuppression appearing after epidural or intrathecal injection of morphine in patients and rats. Acupunct Electrother Res Int J 1996 ; 21:177-86.

Miscellaneous

Medical devices; Reclassification of acupuncture needles for the practice of acupuncture. Federal Register 1996 ; 61(236):64616-7.

NIH Technology Assessment Workshop on Alternative Medicine; Acupuncture. J Alt Complement Med 1996 ; 2(1).

Bullock ML, Pheley AM, Kiresuk TJ, Lenz SK, Culliton PD.
Characteristics and complaints of patients seeking therapy at a hospital-based alternative medicine clinic. J Altern Compl Med 1997 ; 3(1):31-7.

Cassidy C.
A survey of six acupuncture clinics: demographic and satisfaction data. Proceedings of the Third Symposium of the Society for Acupuncture Research. Georgetown University Medical Center. 1995 September 16-17:1-27.
Diehl DL, Kaplan G, Coulter I, Glik D, Hurwitz EL.
Use of acupuncture by American physicians. J Altn Compl Med 1997 ; 3(2):119-26.

Musculoskeletal

Naeser MA, Hahn KK, Lieberman B.
Real vs sham laser acupuncture and microamps TENS to treat carpal tunnel syndrome and worksite wrist pain: pilot study. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 1996 ; Suppl 8:7.

Nausea, Vomiting, and Postoperative Pain

Christensen PA, Noreng M, Andersen PE, Nielsen JW.
Electroacupuncture and postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 1989 ; 62:258-62.

Dundee JW, Chestnutt WN, Ghaly RG, Lynas AG.
Traditional Chinese acupuncture: a potentially useful antiemetic? Br Med J (Clin Res) 1986 ; 293(6547):583-4.

Dundee JW, Ghaly G.
Local anesthesia blocks the antiemetic action of P6. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1991 ; 50(1): 78-80.

Dundee JW, Ghaly RG, Bill KM, Chestnutt WN, Fitzpatrick KT, Lynas AG.
Effect of stimulation of the P6 antiemetic point on postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth 1989 ; 63(5):612-18.

Dundee JW, Ghaly RG, Lynch GA, Fitzpatrick KT, Abram WP.
Acupuncture prophylaxis of cancer chemotherapy-induced sickness. J R Soc Med 1989 ; 82(5):268-71.

Dundee JW, McMillan C.
Positive evidence for P6 acupuncture antiemesis. Postgrad Med J 1991 ; 67(787):47-52.

Lao L, Bergman S, Langenberg P, Wong RH, Berman B.
Efficacy of Chinese acupuncture on postoperative oral surgery pain. Oral Surg Med Oral Pathol 1995 ; 79(4):423-8.

Martelete M, Fiori AMC.
Comparative study of analgesic effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS), electroacupuncture (EA), and meperidine in the treatment of postoperative pain. Acupunct Electrother Res 1985 ; 10(3):183-93.
Sung YF, Kutner MH, Cerine FC, Frederickson EL.
Comparison of the effects of acupuncture and codeine on postoperative dental pain. Anesth Analg 1977 ; 56(4):473-8.
Neurology

Asagai Y, Kanai H, Miura Y, Ohshiro T.
Application of low reactive-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the functional training of cerebral palsy patients. Laser Therapy 1994 ; 6:195-202.
Han JS, Wang Q.
Mobilization of specific neuropeptides by peripheral stimulation of identified frequencies. News Physiol Sci 1992: 176-80.

Han JS, Chen XH, Sun SL, Xu XJ, Yuan Y, Yan SC, et al.
Effect of low- and high-frequency TENS on met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe and dynorphin A immunoreactivity in human lumbar CSF. Pain 1991 ; 47:295-8.

Johansson K, Lindgren I, Widner H, Wiklung I, Johansson BB.
Can sensory stimulation improve the functional outcome in stroke patients? Neurology 1993 ; 43:2189-92.

Naeser MA.
Acupuncture in the treatment of paralysis due to central nervous system damage. J Alt Comple Med 1996 ; 2(1):211-48.

Simpson DM, Wolfe DE.
Neuromuscular complications of HIV infection and its treatment. AIDS 1991 ; 5:917-26.

Reproductive Medicine

Yang QY, Ping SM, Yu J.
Central opioid and dopamine activities in PCOS during induction of ovulation with electro-acupuncture. J Reprod Med (in Chinese) 1992 ; 1(1):6-19.

Yang SP, He LF, Yu J.
Changes in densities of hypothalamic m opioid receptor during cupric acetate induced preovulatory LH surge in rabbit. Acta Physiol Sinica (in Chinese) 1997 ; 49(3):354-8.

Yang SP, Yu J, He LF.
Release of GnRH from the MBH induced by electroacupuncture in conscious female rabbits. Acupunct Electrother Res 1994 ; 19:9-27.

Yu J, Zheng HM, Ping SM.
Changes in serum FSH, LH and ovarian follicular growth during electroacupuncture for induction of ovulation. Chin J Integrated Tradit Western Med 1995 ; 1(1):13-6.

Research Methods

Birch S, Hammerschlag R.
Acupuncture efficacy: a compendium of controlled clinical trials. Tarrytown (NY): Nat Acad Acu & Oriental Med; 1996.

Hammerschlag R, Morris MM.
Clinical trials comparing acupuncture to biomedical standard care: a criteria-based evaluation. Compl Ther Med. In press 1997.

Kaptchuk TJ.
Intentional ignorance: a history of blind assessment in medicine. Bull Hist Med. In press 1998.

Singh BB, Berman BM.
Research issues for clinical designs. Compl Therap Med 1997 ; 5:3-7.

Vincent CA.
Credibility assessment in trials of acupuncture. Compl Med Res 1990 ; 4:8-11.

Vincent CA, Lewith G.
Placebo controls for acupuncture studies. J Roy Soc Med 1995 ; 88:199-202.

Vincent CA, Richardson PH.
The evaluation of therapeutic acupuncture: concepts and methods. Pain 1986 ; 24:1-13.

Side Effects

Lao L.
Safety issues in acupuncture. J Altern Comp Med 1996 ; 2:27-31.

Norheim AJ, Fønnebø V.
Acupuncture adverse effects are more than occasional case reports: results from questionnaires among 1135 randomly selected doctors and 197 acupuncturists. Compl Therap Med 1996 ; 4:8-13.